Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) was a philosopher, novelist, and essayist. Her two volume treatise, Le Deuxième Sexe ( The Second Sex ) (1949), is a widely read feminist work which speaks of the development of male oppression and women's loss of identity (social and personal) as a result of it. Her works of fiction focus on women who take responsibility for themselves by making life-altering decisions.